Introduction

Tinea pedis in general infects the sole, heel, or dorsum of the foot or areas suffering from recurring and troublesome blistering.^[1], ^[2] Onychomycosis, on the other hand, is an infection of the nail unit, characterized by discoloration, thickening, and hardening of nails. ^[3], ^[4] Trichophyton rubrum is the most common causative agent, responsible for the highest number of onychomycosis cases.^[4] In India, the prevalence of tinea infections is estimated from 36.6% to 78.4%.^[5] Onychomycosis cases account for nearly 50% of all nail disorders and it impacts around 5.5% of the global population. ^[4], ^[6]

According to a study, onychomycosis is most likely diagnostically associated with tinea pedis (p < 0.001).^[6], ^[7] In addition, a survey-based study with 2700 patients having toenail onychomycosis concluded that 42.8% of the population had co-existence of tinea infection wherein the incidence of tinea pedis was approximately 33.8%.^[8] According to a study conducted by Pierard G, it was observed that onychomycosis was more common in men and was estimated to increase with age accounting for nearly 25.7% in elderly patients. ^[9]

Untreated onychomycosis and tinea pedis combined can lead to different co-morbid conditions including cellulitis, wounds, secondary bacterial infections, and pain. In addition, the recurrence of infections is another major factor in 10% to 53% of cases in general.^[6] Lack of awareness regarding the co-existence of infection is another crucial factor to consider while treating or managing these infections.^[6]

As far as management is concerned, topical therapy is one of the strategies used for both tinea pedis and onychomycosis due to their superior pharmacokinetic profile.^[1], ^[4] Typically, tinea pedis is managed via the application of topical anti-fungal cream for 4 weeks. ^[1] Topical antifungals include azoles, allylamines, ciclopirox, tolnaftate, and amorolfine.^[1] A cream or ointment preparation is mostly preferred for dry and scaly hyperkeratotic tinea pedis.^[5] Onychomycosis management is somewhat complex due to its underlying pathophysiology, the growth pattern of fungus, and susceptibility factor. For onychomycosis, both oral (e.g., Itraconazole, Ketoconazole) and topical (e.g., Amorolfine 5% nail lacquer and Ciclopirox 8% nail lacquer) strategies are utilized.^[4] Topical antifungals are a highly safer and patient-compliant option with reasonable efficacy.^[4] However, combining topical and oral therapy benefits in achieving the optimum efficacy and safety levels. ^[4]

Amorolfine, an antifungal and fungistatic topical agent works by inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol in two different levels i.e., delta 14 reductase and delta 7-8 isomerase thereby inhibiting the synthesis of the cell membrane, reduction of ergosterol, and accumulation of non-typical spherical sterols in the cell membrane.^[10], ^[11] It is indicated against dermatophytes like Trichophyton spp, Microsporum spp, and Epidermophyton spp. The pharmacokinetics of amorolfine promotes penetrability from the nail to the nail bed and its absorption into circulation is quite low. Treatment duration primarily depends on the severity of the infection and growth of the nail plate ranging from 6 to 12 months. ^[10] Amorolfine is commonly available in two formulations: 0.25% cream base and 5% nail lacquer. ^[10] Studies have shown the efficacy of 5% amorolfine nail lacquer in patients with toe-nail onychomycosis where the expected mycological cure rate was achieved. ^[10] Combination therapy, sequential therapy, or extended therapy should be considered according to patient profile and therapeutic response.^[10], ^[12] In the post-treatment phase, a prophylactic regimen comprising a twice-weekly application of a topical antifungal solution is recommended. Additionally, the prophylactic use of amorolfine lacquer, administered once every two weeks for three years has demonstrated efficacy in minimizing the risk of recurrence. ^[12]

Through this survey, we tried to gauge the healthcare professionals’ (dermatologists and cosmetologists) perspectives on the prevalence and management of coexisting cases of onychomycosis and tinea pedis infections. Additionally, we have also considered their opinion on amorolfine cream and nail lacquer as a topical therapeutic agent for these infections.

Materials and Methods

A total of 218 healthcare professionals (dermatologists and cosmetologists) participated in the survey on amorolfine, and their viewpoints regarding the patient experience with the products (5% nail lacquer and 0.25% cream) were evaluated.

Results

Amorolfine cream and nail lacquer

When the healthcare professionals were asked about the reason for prescribing amorolfine cream, the top-most commonly reported reason was that the cream yielded better results than any other amorolfine brands available in the market in most patients (12.42%). Other reasons reported were the reduction of resistance of other antifungals (5.47%), synergistic effects with oral antifungals (6.52%), and its drug class (3.13%). For the majority of the patients (72.45%), all the above reasons compelled them to prescribe amorolfine cream for tinea pedis and onychomycosis co-existing infection ([Figure 1]).

When healthcare professionals were asked about amorolfine nail lacquer, they reported that the second most common reason driving its prescription for most patients (6.86%) was that it prevents the chances of reinfection by damaging the linkage of fungal spores above and beneath the nail plate. In 4.86% of patients, it was prescribed due to increased compliance owing to its once-weekly application schedule. Another reason it was prescribed to some patients (6%) was its enhanced penetrative capacity across the nail plate. In most of the patients (82.18%) all of the above reasons compelled them to prescribe amorolfine nail lacquer ([Figure 2]).

Co-prescription with an oral antifungal and duration for reduction of key symptoms

Around 61.16% of patients were prescribed oral anti-fungal drugs alongside amorolfine cream. The key symptoms of tinea pedis such as itching and erythema reduced within 2-3 days among a few patients and in 1 week in >30% of them. Key symptoms resolved over 2 weeks in most patients (51.95%) ([Figure 3]).

Clearance of lesions and discolorations

In most patients (44.48% and 45.52%) with the co-infection, the clearance of tinea pedis and onychomycosis lesions, and discoloration of the infected area took around 4 weeks ([Figure 4], [Figure 5]). In 2 weeks the clearance of tinea pedis and onychomycosis lesions were observed in 20.85% and 16.15% of patients respectively. Whereas by the end of 3 weeks, 29.45% of patients showed clearance in tinea pedis. In 36.31% of patients, the clearance of onychomycosis lesions and discoloration took 6-8 weeks. Less than half of the patient population (45.26%) were recommended to stop amorolfine cream after tinea pedis was cured.

Clinical assessment of amorolfine cream and nail lacquer by healthcare professionals

According to the clinical assessment of healthcare professionals, amorolfine cream and nail lacquer were rated as excellent, based on their effect on most patients (47.61% and 55%, respectively) ([Figure 6]).

Assessment of efficacy and satisfaction with amorolfine cream and nail lacquer by patients

Similar results were observed in terms of patients' experience with amorolfine cream and nail lacquer. Most patients rated the effectiveness of amorolfine cream and nail lacquer as excellent (48.74% and 55.86%, respectively) ([Figure 7]).

Patients’ levels of satisfaction with amorolfine cream and nail lacquer

Most patients (55.86% and 50.73%) rated the level of satisfaction with amorolfine nail lacquer and cream to be excellent ([Figure 8]).

Discussion

Onychomycosis is strongly associated with tinea pedis. However, there are still limited studies for understanding the prevalence and management of co-existing cases of tinea pedis and onychomycosis. The survey-based analysis carried out by Szepietowski et al. 2006, enrolled around 2761 patients with toenail onychomycosis. It was found that 42.8% of patients were suffering from concurrent fungal skin infections wherein tinea pedis (33.8%) was the most common.^[8] Another study carried out by Walling et al. 2007, showed that among the histologically positive population size of 150 cases, 23 patients (15.33%) were found to have tinea pedis and onychomycosis co-association. ^[7] A similar rate of prevalence was observed in a posthoc analysis of two multicenter, randomized, double-blind studies, in which around 21.3% of patients with onychomycosis were diagnosed with tinea pedis co-infection. ^[13]

In terms of management, this survey is one of its kind to highlight amorolfine cream and nail lacquer as effective therapeutic options for managing the co-existing tinea pedis and onychomycosis infection. The results obtained in terms of prescription showed that the healthcare professionals obtained better treatment results with amorolfine cream than other brands (12.42%) ([Figure 1]) which gave us an idea regarding its acceptance by healthcare professionals in India. In addition, even the amorolfine nail lacquer with its increased patient compliance due to once-weekly application and other reasons such as how it prevents the chances of coinfection and enhances penetrative capabilities across the nail plate made it a drug of choice ([Figure 2]).

Another point was the reduction in the duration of key symptoms of tinea pedis i.e., itching and erythema wherein the reduction was achieved in between 1 to 2 weeks in nearly 90% of cases with the amorolfine cream ([Figure 3]). Lesion clearance and reduction of discoloration took just around 4 weeks in around 50% of the patients with the amorolfine cream and nail lacquer ([Figure 4], [Figure 5]). Similar results were seen in a retrospective study carried out by Bunyaratavej et al, that focused on understanding the effect of 5% amorolfine nail lacquer in N. dimidiatum onychomycosis-infected patients. ^[14] The results of the study demonstrated that the 5% amorolfine group resulted in a higher complete cure rate (50%, p=0.023) compared to the topical urea group. ^[14] Also, a 50% clinical improvement was seen in 85.7% of patients (p=0.003). ^[14] In another study, the prophylactic effect of 5% amorolfine nail lacquer on onychomycosis compared to untreated groups was studied for 36 months. It was found that around 66.7% of subjects were free of disease among the population size of 26 subjects. ^[15] In terms of clinical assessment and levels of satisfaction of patients in the current survey, amorolfine cream, and nail lacquer received excellent remarks from both healthcare professionals and patients ([Figure 6], [Figure 7], [Figure 8]). Similarly, a study comparing the effects of the 5% amorolfine and ciclopirox 8% nail lacquers on onychomycosis reported better patient adherence to the amorolfine treatment regime (85%), with high patient satisfaction (95%). ^[16]

We faced some challenges with the present survey like limited response from specific regions' doctors, a less than 100% response rate, missing patient demographics, and no data on side effects or cost-effectiveness. Addressing these challenges could help improve study reliability and relevance.

Conclusion

Toenail onychomycosis is commonly associated with pre-existing tinea pedis infection. There are few clinical studies and surveys that focus on understanding the above concept. However, there is still a dearth of literature that specifically tackles the prevalence and management of co-existing tinea pedis and onychomycosis infection. Additionally, the lack of awareness regarding its co-existence is another major pain point in managing the infection. This survey-based study was not only able to successfully trace the prevalence of cases but also put forth amorolfine cream and nail lacquer as effective and preferred treatment options for managing these infections. Observations indicate that amorolfine cream and nail lacquer are effective in reducing key symptoms of tinea pedis and onychomycosis, including lesion clearance and discoloration reduction.

Source of Funding

This research was funded by Galderma Laboratories.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.