- Visibility 622 Views
- Downloads 36 Downloads
- Permissions
- DOI 10.18231/j.ijced.2024.044
-
CrossMark
Abstract
Background: Aging is the continuous loss of homeostasis in a cell, tissue, organ, and whole body. Over time, skin, the biggest organ in the body, may age and become more susceptible to injury. In this study, we thoroughly examined signs of ageing skin. A challenge in front is the fast aging of the people with this finding a lifestyle intervention or strategy to improve skin as well overall health with negligible harmful effects. Yoga is an inclusive program that includes dietary, lifestyle, behavioral, and psychological involvements to re-establish the system's homeostasis and works simultaneously at the body, mind, and spirit levels. Yoga is an auspicious lifestyle intervention that has exposed antiaging effects to extend healthspan by reducing the nine hallmarks of skin aging and related disorder and diseases.
Aim: To evaluate the impact of yogic practices on hallmarks of skin aging leading to improved healthspan and lifespan.
Conclusion: This article evaluates that Yoga is a promising tool in controlling nine hallmarks of biological skin aging which increases both health span as well as lifespan. There is a need to verify its application and find a modest, appropriate, and costless substitute to improve longevity and health span.
Introduction
Aging is the continuous loss of homeostasis in the human body. The human body's largest organ, the skin performs a wide range of intricate tasks. Epidermal stem cells (ESC) are abundant in the basal layer of the epidermis. The principal source of mesenchymal stem cells, which generate collagen fibroblasts (a constituent of blood vessels that supply the skin) and immune cells in the skin is the mesoderm. Uneven pigmentation, colour changes, decreased supplements, skin shrinkage, loss of underlying tissues, and compromised barrier function are the general characteristics of ageing skin. [1] The structural integrity and functionality of various skin regions may eventually be destroyed by these alterations, resulting in diminished flexibility and bad visual features that make ageing skin more prone to illness and injury.
According to holloszy Primary aging is the loss of cellular anatomy and physiology such as hearing and visual loss not influenced by any other situational factors. Secondary aging is the functional deviations influenced by other internal as well as external factors and can be enhanced by inactive lifestyle which can be slow or prevent by mind-body interventions. Chronological aging is the actual time a person has passed since birth in terms of days, months, and years. Biological aging is all about epigenetic alteration and DNA methylation also called physiological or functional age. External environment and internal genomic aspects contribute to various skin disorders and accelerate the biological skin aging process. As progressive loss of homeostasis accelerated the process of biological skin aging. According to Lopez Otin, 9 hallmarks of aging accelerate the physiological skin age. [2], [3] These hallmarks can generally be divided into three categories including. [4] a. Causes of damages as primary hallmarks in skin aging; b. Responses to damage as antagonistic hallmarks in skin aging; and c. Culprits of the phenotype as integrative hallmarks in skin aging.
Yoga may Aattenuate Hallmarks of Skin Aging
Genomic instability
Mutations, translocations, deletions, telomere shortening, and damage in DNA and nuclear architecture due to external (environmental) and internal (genetic and biological) factors cause genomic instability. [5] It is a sign of ageing skin and may cause chromosomal instability and replicative cellular senescence. The shortened telomere length in blood leukocytes and the estimated role of DNA damage in human dermal fibroblasts were found in a recent update on patients with systemic sclerosis. [6]
Yogic exercises can minimize this instability of genetic material through: Decreasing 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), Oxidative stress, nuclear factor kappa B(NF-kB), and PGC-1a signalling, and through increasing Telomere length and telomerase enzyme activity.[7], [8]
Telomere attrition
During aging decreased telomere length of chromosomes is most vulnerable to age-related skin and other disorders such as sclerosis, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Today various studies report a correlation between telomere length, anxiety, depression, DNA deterioration, and age-related skin disorders.[9] Skin homeostasis loss that triggers the p53 signalling pathway and causes planned cell death. [10]
Yogic practices can prevent and increases telomere length through: Increasing Telomerase enzyme activity, Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), Proteins involved in DNA repair such as Ku, Neurogenesis (hippocampal, olfactory bulb), and Stem cells and decreasing Oxidative stress [11], [12]
Epigenetic alterations
An unhealthy environment and lifestyle factors can alter and degrade DNA. Which causes DNA methylation and influences gene function known as epigenetic changes such as loss of histon protein, imbalance of histone and heterochromatin modifications, transcriptional abnormalities, damaged nuclear lamina, and abnormal DNA methylation are the causes of accelerated aging. [13] According to a recent study, the DNA of the aged exhibits a distinct hypermethylation pattern with great tissue specificity. This suggests that phenotypic changes associated with skin ageing may be the origin of DNA methylation and these modifications. [14]
Yogic practices can regulate
Regulates cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC -1α).
Citrate synthase (CS) which is a quantitative marker of intact mitochondria in skeletal muscles.
Mitochondrial transcription factor (TFAM) plays a vital role in the maintenance of genetic material.
Pyruvate hydrogenase kinase isozyme (PDK4) converts Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA and finally in the generation of energy.
By decreasing Pro- inflammatory cytokines (IL-1b and IL18) through methylation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein caspase (ASC) gene.
Stimulated Sirtuin upregulates hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)[15], [16], [17]
Loss of proteostasis
Dysfunctional and damaged cellular proteins and other cellular structures occur with an increased aging process, which disrupts cellular homeostasis and causes various old age-linked chronic skin illnesses.[18] The FOXO transcription may reduce protein imbalance extends skin as well overall health.[19], [20], [21], [22] Skin ageing is caused by the ageing of dermal fibroblasts, which is known to be accompanied with a progressive loss in proteasome function and altered protease production. UV radiation-induced skin aging by proteasome subunit inactivation and buildup of oxidized proteins.[23] In older dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, melanocytes, and epidermal stem cells, reduced autophagy, increased secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and down-regulated hyaluronic acid synthases were previously studied parameters.[24]
Yogic practices can regulate protein homeostasis by controlling the following signalling: By decreasing Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) and by increasing Autophagy [25], IGF-1, mTOR, FoxO3a.
Deregulated nutrient-sensing
The human body loses the ability to sense and respond to changes in cellular nutrient levels with age such as lipid sensing, cholesterol sensing, amino acid sensing, and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTORC1) and autophagy, which have a vital role in energy production, cellular biomass and metabolism. Nutrient homeostasis, anabolism, storage, catabolism, and autophagy are deregulated with age- and induce age-related diseases. The pathway between the cells contains GH, and IGF-1 and IGF-1and insulin having the same pathway that’s why IGF-1 and insulin signaling is known as the ‘insulin and IGF-1 signaling (IIS) like glucose sensing. The utmost focused pathway that controls skin aging is IGF-1 signaling (IIS) system. Other related nutrient controlling systems such as mTOR, for the sensing of high level of amino acid and AMPK, and sirtuins which regulates low energy, [26] the FOXO group of transcription and the mTOR complexes are utmost focused in slowing biological skin aging. [27], [28], [29] Genetic alterations that affect the functionality of GH, IGF-1, insulin, mTOR, and FOXO pathways have a major impact on skin health. [30]
Yogic exercises can regulate the nutrient sensing pathways through: AMPK pathway regulation and mitochondrial biogenesis, decreasing oxidative stress, and regulating nutrient sensing pathway, sertuin proteins/genes (regulates metabolism, redox status of cell) and, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (cell proliferation survival and differentiation).
Mitochondrial dysfunction
According to Harman, reactive oxygen species (ROS) results in oxidative stress is one of the utmost causes of mitochondrial dysfunction and increased biological skin aging.[3], [31] Mitochondrial damage may impact cellular functioning and crosstalk within the cell.[32] SIRT1 controls mitochondrial biogenesis through activation of PGC-1α and autophagy.[33], [34]
Yogic practices can regulate mitochondrial structure and functions through: Activation
of PGC-1α, mitochondrial biogenesis and its content in skeletal muscle, and by improving mitochondrial transcription factors.[8], [35]
Cellular agedness
Cellular aging is a state of irreversible or irreparable cell division due to various external and internal reasons such as DNA replication stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory cytokines, telomere shortening, inactive telomerase enzyme due to activation of p53 tumor suppressor and p16 kinase inhibitor affects cellular homeostasis and accelerates the aging process. p53 and p16 increase with age in stem/progenitor cell and leads to decreases in neurogenesis, [36], [37] and an indicator of senescence whose expression is directly correlated with the ageing of human skin over time.[24], [38]
Yogic practices suppress senescence markers through: Decreasing gamma glutamyl transpeptidase activity, p53, p16, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers and by increasing telomere length, telomerase activity, stem or progenitor cells (neurogenesis), angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis [11], [12], [39]
Stem cell exhaustion
Progenitor cells are undifferentiated raw cells having capacity to develop into diverse forms of cells in the body from muscle to brain cells. But the ability of stem cells decreases with age like the decline in satellite cells which reduces muscle mass with increased old age. [40] Skin ageing and illnesses such as skin shrinkage, fragility, dyspigmentation, and delayed wound healing can also be caused by skin stem cell (Epidermal stem cells) exhaustion. Oxidative damage, DNA damage, reduced telomere length, and altered telomerase activity are all responsible for the aberrant behavior of epidermal stem cells. [41]
Yogic practices can enhance or stimulate pluripotent stem cells like neuroglia, satellite cells, and mesenchymal cells which increases neurogenesis, and angiogenesis which improves brain regenerative capacity.
Altered intercellular communication
Altered cell communication results in diseases, due to loss of signals, signals don’t reach their target, the target ignoring the signal, too much signal, and multiple signals breakdowns. [18] Age-related damage to cells or tissues breaks coordination among organs. contagious aging’ in which aging cells induce agedness in neighbouring skin cells or defected cells induce defects in neighbouring cells[42] as like impaired kidney can damage the cardiovascular system in humans. [43] Increase of cytokines in the bloodstream, pro-inflammatory tissue damage, or a reduction in immune system function, which can lead to a number of ailments, including diabetes, heart disease, and skin conditions. [44]
Yogic practice can improve or restore intercellular communication that is lost during skin aging.
Discussion
The most widely discussed theories of aging are “wear and tear theory, neuro-endocrine theory, genetic control theory, free radical theory, mitochondrial theory, waste accumulation theory, and telomerase theory”. [45], [46] Regulated mind-body communications, nutrition and energy controlling pathways encouraging healthy skin and life. [47] Information is scanty about whether yoga can improve age-associated deteriorating deviations in the human body. According to American lung Association “If you can't breathe, nothing else matters”. The brain consumes the highest oxygen due to which it is more prone to diseases. There is a need to understand the hypoxic responses in the brain and find novel therapeutic approaches to regulates brain anatomy and physiology. The mammalian brain requires a continuous supply of glucose and oxygen for energy production. [48] Any interruption in the oxygen delivery to the mind may leads to harmful impact on brains anatomy and physiology. Hypoxia results in irreparable cellular damage and ultimately leads to accelerates aging. [49] Hypoxia increases with age and increased susceptibility toward to cerebral dysfunction and neuroinflammation, stroke, reduce telomere length, oxidative stress and skin aging. [50], [51] It has been reported that through yogic practices, improves production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and cortical neurogenesis, promoting hippocampus growth, and ganglions, [52] increasing cerebral perfusion and hence oxygen delivery to each and every cell of the brain and body which will improve holistic as well skin health. [53]
Yoga has been proved very effective in the management of various ailments like hypertension, cardiovascular abnormalities, diabetes, obesity, back pain [54] and cancer, improves respiratory capacities and volumes, cognitive function, improve vagal tone and cerebral perfusion [55] activation of the prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus, [56] increased neuronal connectivity,[57] regulates circadian rhythm, [58], [59] increased Gray matter in the cerebellar, occipital, temporal, limbic, and frontal lobe of the brain[60], [61] increases the amplitude of P3 wave which improves neuronal pool of the brain. [62] Improves Brains cognitive potential such as P300 auditory[63], [64], [65] decreased chemical reflex of hypoxic and hypercapnic responses and enhanced baroreflex actions has been reported [66] Practice of some specific Yogic practices (Bandh and Kumbhaka) improved adaptation to hypoxic conditions of different receptors such as peripheral, central chemoreceptors and pulmonary stretch receptors with decreases inflammatory markers. [67] Hence, Yoga therapy might be a capable strategy to understand the intrinsic capability of the body in handling hypoxia which may improves overall skin health.
Reduces oxidative stress, prevent DNA mutations, improves telomerase action, and reverses epigenetic changes. [68] To fight oxidative stress use of oral antioxidants without monitoring reactive oxygen species levels resulting in degenerative stress[69] unlike in yogic practices which regulates ROS levels so that no redox-sensitive physiology gets weakened.
Psychological stress due lifestyle, external and internal circumstances, and medical interferences results in faster biological aging, and disturbs physical, psychological, and social capability. [70] Yoga can play a vital role in encouraging these capabilities.
Previous studies have confirmed the experimental assistances of Yogic practices.[71] Such as reducing testicular aging and regulating telomerase activity[68] reversal of cellular aging, decreasing interleukins, and other inflammatory markers.[72] Improved cellular longevity through regulating biochemical markers of biological aging such as β-endorphin, cortisol, interleukins, BDNF, and sirtuin-1 which promotes cellular recovery. [73], [74]
Yoga may be as effective or better than other adverse or extraneous exercise in regulating biochemical markers of aging and associated disorders. The practice of Yoga results in energy conservation and brings about homeostasis in each and cell of the body through holistic growth and development of the body, mind and spirit on the other hand physical exercise and other adverse or extraneous exercise results in energy expenditure may cause irregular variations in biochemical markers of skin aging [75]. Antioxidants pills or tablets can only decrease ROS rather than its regulation and may inconsistently condense healthspan.[76], [77] Yogic practices establish homeostasis by balanced physical, mental and biological processes [68]. Such as heart rate inconsistency [78] mental performance [79] blood glucose, lipids, cortisol, oxidative stress. [80], [81] Tiredness, aching and sleep discomfort [82] Improves anatomy and physiology of cardiovascular system by moderating heart, B.P, and HRV. [83] Enhance brain’s structure and functions by increasing grey matter, cognitive functioning and brain waves. [84] Yoga, practiced in a more integrated form, Yogic practice consisting entire synovial joints mobilization synchronized with breath regulation and mental awareness. Hence, may provide supplementary profits over an extraneous exercise. [85]
Conclusion
Yogic practice consisting entire synovial joints mobilization synchronized with breath regulation and mental awareness, which makes a man free from all ailments, restore homeostasis and gives healthy skin with aging. This article evaluates that Yoga might be a promising tool in controlling nine hallmarks of biological skin aging. There is a need to verify its application and find a modest, appropriate, and costless substitute to improve skin health.
Source of Funding
None.
Conflict of Interest
None.
References
- Chung C, Lawrence I, Hoffman M, Elgindi D, Nadhan K, Potnis M. Topical rapamycin reduces markers of senescence and aging in human skin: an exploratory, prospective, randomized trial. Geroscience. 2019;41(6):861-9. [Google Scholar]
- Carapeto P, Aguayo-Mazzucato C. Effects of exercise on cellular and tissue aging. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(10):14522-43. [Google Scholar]
- López-Otín C, Blasco M, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The Hallmarks of Aging. Cell. 2013;153(6):1194-217. [Google Scholar]
- Jin S, Li K, Zong X, Eun S, Morimoto N, Guo S. Hallmarks of Skin Aging: Update. Aging Dis. 2023;14(6):2167-76. [Google Scholar]
- Baker D, Dawlaty M, Wijshake T, Jeganathan K, Malureanu L, Ree JV. Increased expression of BubR1 protects against aneuploidy and cancer and extends healthy lifespan. Nature Cell Biology. 2013;15(1):96-102. [Google Scholar]
- Usategui A, Municio C, Arias-Salgado E, Martín M, Fernández-Varas B, Rey MD. Evidence of telomere attrition and a potential role for DNA damage in systemic sclerosis. Immun Ageing. 2022;19(1):1-9. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Dada R, Kumar S, MT, SM, KM, TM. Yoga and meditation as a therapeutic intervention in oxidative stress and oxidative DNA damage to paternal genome. J Yoga Phys Ther. 2015;5(4). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Kumari A, NN, AY, AP. To understand yoga’s effects on reverse aging in terms of telomere length & telomerase activity: A narrative review. Int J Health Sci. 2022;6(S2):9910-36. [Google Scholar]
- Armanios M, Blackburn E. The telomere syndromes. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(10):693-704. [Google Scholar]
- Martínez P, Ferrara-Romeo I, Flores JM, Blasco MA. Essential role for the TRF2 telomere protein in adult skin homeostasis. Aging Cell. 2014;13(4):656-8. [Google Scholar]
- Cheung HH, Liu X, Canterel-Thouennon L, Li L, Edmonson C, Rennert O. Telomerase protects Werner syndrome lineage-specific stem cells from premature aging. Stem Cell Reports. 2014;2(4):534-46. [Google Scholar]
- Engan H, Richardson M, Lodin-Sundström A, Beekvelt M, Schagatay E. Effects of two weeks of daily apnea training on diving response, spleen contraction, and erythropoiesis in novel subjects. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2013;23(3):340-8. [Google Scholar]
- Talens R, Christensen K, Putter H, Willemsen G, Christiansen L, Kremer D. Epigenetic variation during the adult lifespan: cross-sectional and longitudinal data on monozygotic twin pairs. Aging Cell. 2012;11(4):694-703. [Google Scholar]
- Grönniger E, Weber B, Heil O, Peters N, Stäb F, Wenck H. Aging and Chronic Sun Exposure Cause Distinct Epigenetic Changes in Human Skin. PLoS Genet. 2010;6(5). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Brown K, Xie S, Qiu X, Mohrin M, Shin J, Liu Y. SIRT3 Reverses Aging-associated Degeneration. Cell Rep. 2013;3(2):319-27. [Google Scholar]
- Barrès R, Yan J, Egan B, Treebak J, Rasmussen M, Fritz T. Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle. Cell Metab. 2012;15(3):405-11. [Google Scholar]
- Nakajima K, Takeoka M, Mori M, Hashimoto S, Sakurai A, Nose H. Exercise effects on methylation of ASC gene. Int J Sports Med. 2010;31(9):671-5. [Google Scholar]
- Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. Inflammaging: disturbed interplay between autophagy and inflammasomes. Aging (Albany NY). 2012;4(3):166-75. [Google Scholar]
- Vilchez D, Morantte I, Liu Z, Douglas P, Merkwirth C, Rodrigues A. RPN-6 determines C. elegans longevity under proteotoxic stress conditions. Nature. 2012;489(7415):263-8. [Google Scholar]
- Wohlgemuth S, Lees H, Marzetti E, Manini T, Aranda J, Daniels M. An Exploratory Analysis of the Effects of a Weight Loss Plus Exercise Program on Cellular Quality Control Mechanisms in Older Overweight Women. Rejuvenation Res. 2011;14(3):315-4. [Google Scholar]
- Luo L, Lu A, Wang Y, Hong A, Chen Y, Hu J. Chronic resistance training activates autophagy and reduces apoptosis of muscle cells by modulating IGF-1 and its receptors, Akt/mTOR and Akt/FOXO3a signaling in aged rats. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(4):427-36. [Google Scholar]
- Kim Y, Kim Y, Oh S, Kim H, Song W. Autophagic response to exercise training in skeletal muscle with age. J Physiol Biochem. 2013;69(4):697-705. [Google Scholar]
- Bulteau A, Moreau M, Nizard C, Friguet B. Proteasome and photoaging: the effects of UV irradiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2007;1100(1):280-90. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Hernandez-Segura A, Nehme J, Demaria M. Hallmarks of Cellular Senescence. Trends Cell Biol. 2018;28(6):436-53. [Google Scholar]
- Kim H, Park S, Moon S, Lee J, Kim S. Autophagy in Human Skin Fibroblasts: Impact of Age. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(8). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Houtkooper R, Williams R, Auwerx J. Metabolic networks of longevity. Cell. 2010;142(1):9-14. [Google Scholar]
- Barzilai N, Huffman D, Muzumdar R, Bartke A. The Critical Role of Metabolic Pathways in Aging. Diabetes. 2012;61(6):1315-22. [Google Scholar]
- Cheng C, Ku H, Lin H. PGC-1α as a Pivotal Factor in Lipid and Metabolic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(11). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Kahn B, Alquier T, Carling D, Hardie D. AMP-activated protein kinase: Ancient energy gauge provides clues to modern understanding of metabolism. Cell Metabolism. 2005;1(1):15-25. [Google Scholar]
- Kalfalah F, Sobek S, Bornholz B, Götz-Rösch C, Tigges J, Fritsche E. Inadequate mito-biogenesis in primary dermal fibroblasts from old humans is associated with impairment of PGC1A-independent stimulation. Exp Gerontol. 2014;56:59-68. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Quan C, Cho M, Perry D, Quan T. Age-associated reduction of cell spreading induces mitochondrial DNA common deletion by oxidative stress in human skin dermal fibroblasts: Implication for human skin connective tissue aging. J Biomed Sci. 2015;22(1):1-10. [Google Scholar]
- Raffaello A, Rizzuto R. Mitochondrial longevity pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813(1):260-8. [Google Scholar]
- Holloszy J. Biochemical adaptations in muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity in skeletal muscle. J Biol Chem. 1967;242(9):2278-82. [Google Scholar]
- Nakashima Y, Ohta S, Wolf AM. Blue light-induced oxidative stress in live skin. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;108:300-10. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Lanza I, Short D, Short K, Raghavakaimal S, Basu R, Joyner M. Endurance exercise as a countermeasure for aging. Diabetes. 2008;57(11):2933-42. [Google Scholar]
- Kuilman T, Michaloglou C, Mooi WJ, Peeper D. The essence of senescence. Genes Dev. 2010;24(22):2463-79. [Google Scholar]
- Hoenicke L, Zender L. Immune surveillance of senescent cells--biological significance in cancer- and non-cancer pathologies. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(6):1123-6. [Google Scholar]
- Waaijer M, Parish W, Strongitharm B, Heemst DV, Slagboom E, Craen AD. The number of p16INK4a positive cells in human skin reflects biological age. Aging Cell. 2012;11(4):722-5. [Google Scholar]
- Tiwari A, Chan C, Ho R, Tsao G, Deng W, Hong A. Effect of a qigong intervention program on telomerase activity and psychological stress in abused Chinese women: A randomized, wait-list controlled trial. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Shaw A, Joshi S, Greenwood H, Panda A, Lord J. Aging of the innate immune system. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22(4):507-13. [Google Scholar]
- Liu N, Matsumura H, Kato T, Ichinose S, Takada A, Namiki T. Stem cell competition orchestrates skin homeostasis and ageing. Nature. 2019;568(7752):344-50. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Nelson G, Wordsworth J, Wang C, Jurk D, Lawless C, Martin-Ruiz C. A senescent cell bystander effect: senescence-induced senescence. Aging Cell. 2012;11(2):345-9. [Google Scholar]
- Sarnak M, Levey A, Schoolwerth A, Coresh J, Culleton B, Hamm L. Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2003;108(17):2154-69. [Google Scholar]
- Pilkington S, Bulfone-Paus S, Griffiths C, Watson R. Inflammaging and the Skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2021;141(4S):1087-95. [Google Scholar]
- Frisard M, Ravussin E. Energy metabolism and oxidative stress: impact on the metabolic syndrome and the aging process. Endocrine. 2006;29(1):27-32. [Google Scholar]
- Viña J, Borrás C, Miquel J. Theories of ageing. IUBMB Life. 2007;59(4-5):249-54. [Google Scholar]
- López-Lluch G, Navas P. Calorie restriction as an intervention in ageing. J Physiol. 2016;594(8):2043-60. [Google Scholar]
- Erbslöh F, Bernsmeier A, Hillesheim HR. Der Glucoseverbrauch des Gehirns und seine Abhängigkeit von der Leber. Archiv für Psychiatrie und Zeitschrift f. d. ges. Neurologie. 1958;196:611-26. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Hardie D. Minireview: the AMP-activated protein kinase cascade: the key sensor of cellular energy status. Endocrinology. 2003;144(12):5179-83. [Google Scholar]
- Popa-Wagner A, Buga A, Tica A, Albu C. Perfusion deficits, inflammation and aging precipitate depressive behaviour. Biogerontology. 2014;15(5):439-48. [Google Scholar]
- Sandu R, Buga A, Uzoni A, Petcu E, Popa-Wagner A. Neuroinflammation and comorbidities are frequently ignored factors in CNS pathology. Neural Regen Res. 2015;10(9):1349-55. [Google Scholar]
- Pal R, Singh SN, Chatterjee A, Saha M. Age-related changes in cardiovascular system, autonomic functions, and levels of BDNF of healthy active males: role of yogic practice. Age (Dordr). 2014;36(4). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Arora S, Bhattacharjee J. Modulation of immune responses in stress by Yoga. Int J Yoga. 2008;1(2):45-55. [Google Scholar]
- Cramer H, Lauche R, Haller H, Steckhan N, Michalsen A, Dobos G. Effects of yoga on cardiovascular disease risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173(2):170-83. [Google Scholar]
- Oken BS, Zajdel D, Kishiyama S, Flegal K, Dehen C, Haas M. Randomized, controlled, six-month trial of yoga in healthy seniors: effects on cognition and quality of life. Altern Ther Health Med. 2006;12(1):40-7. [Google Scholar]
- Newberg A, Wintering N, Khalsa DS, Roggenkamp H, Waldman M. Meditation effects on cognitive function and cerebral blood flow in subjects with memory loss: a preliminary study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2010;20(2):517-26. [Google Scholar]
- Eyre H, Acevedo B, Yang H, Siddarth P, Dyk KV, Ercoli L. Changes in Neural Connectivity and Memory Following a Yoga Intervention for Older Adults: A Pilot Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;52(2):673-84. [Google Scholar]
- Devore E, Grodstein F, Duffy J, Stampfer M, Czeisler C, Schernhammer E. Sleep duration in midlife and later life in relation to cognition. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62(6):1073-81. [Google Scholar]
- Innes K, Selfe T, Brundage K, Montgomery C, Wen S, Kandati S. Effects of Meditation and Music-Listening on Blood Biomarkers of Cellular Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease in Adults with Subjective Cognitive Decline: An Exploratory Randomized Clinical Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;66(3):947-70. [Google Scholar]
- Froeliger B, Garland E, Mcclernon F. Yoga meditation practitioners exhibit greater gray matter volume and fewer reported cognitive failures: results of a preliminary voxel-based morphometric analysis. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Hernández S, Suero J, Barros A, González-Mora J, Rubia K. Increased Grey Matter Associated with Long-Term Sahaja Yoga Meditation: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study. PLoS One. 2016;11(3). [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Sutton S, Braren M, Zubin J, John ER. Evoked-potential correlates of stimulus uncertainty. Science. 1965;150(3700):1187-8. [Google Scholar]
- Polich J, Ladish C, Bloom F. P300 assessment of early Alzheimer’s disease. Electroencephalography Clin Neurophysiol. 1990;77(3):179-9. [Google Scholar]
- Mccaffrey R, Park J, Newman D, Hagen D. The effect of chair yoga in older adults with moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2014;7(4):171-7. [Google Scholar]
- Telles S, Singh N. Science of the Mind. Ancient Yoga texts and Modern Studies. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36(1):93-108. [Google Scholar]
- Spicuzza L, Gabutti A, Porta C, Montano N, Bernardi L. Yoga and chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia. Lancet. 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Kiecolt-Glaser J, Christian L, Preston H, Houts C, Malarkey W, Emery C. Stress, Inflammation, and Yoga Practice. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(2):113-21. [Google Scholar]
- Kumar S, Yadav R, Yadav RK, Tolahunase M, Dada R. Telomerase activity and cellular aging might be positively modified by a yoga-based lifestyle intervention. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(6):370-2. [Google Scholar]
- Rahal A, Kumar A, Singh V, Yadav B, Tiwari R, Chakraborty S. Oxidative Stress, Prooxidants, and Antioxidants: The Interplay. Biomed Res Int. 2014. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Chakma J, Gupta S. Lifestyle and Non-Communicable Diseases: A double edged sword for future India Corresponding Author Citation Article Cycle. Comm Health. 2014;26(4):325-32. [Google Scholar]
- Büssing A, Michalsen A, Khalsa SBS, Telles S, Sherman K. Effects of Yoga on Mental and Physical Health: A Short Summary of Reviews. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Mishra S, Kumar R, Malhotra N, Singh N, Dada R. Mild oxidative stress is beneficial for sperm telomere length maintenance. World J Methodol. 2016;6(2):163-70. [Google Scholar]
- Pakos-Zebrucka K, Koryga I, Mnich K, Ljujic M, Samali A, Gorman A. The integrated stress response. EMBO Rep. 2016;17(10):1374-95. [Google Scholar]
- Villemure C, Čeko M, Cotton VA, Bushnell M. Neuroprotective effects of yoga practice: age-, experience-, and frequency-dependent plasticity. Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;9. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Pace T, Negi L, Adame D, Cole S, Sivilli T, Brown T. Effect of Compassion Meditation on Neuroendocrine, Innate Immune and Behavioral Responses to Psychosocial Stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2009;34(1):87-98. [Google Scholar]
- Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007;297(8):842-57. [Google Scholar]
- Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements and mortality. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Car. 2014;17(1):40-4. [Google Scholar]
- Bowman A, Clayton R, Murray A, Reed J, Subhan M, Ford G. Effects of aerobic exercise training and yoga on the baroreflex in healthy elderly persons. Eur J Clin Invest. 1997;27(5):443-9. [Google Scholar]
- Gothe N, Pontifex M, Hillman C, Mcauley E. The acute effects of yoga on executive function. J Phys Act Health. 2013;10(4):488-95. [Google Scholar]
- Gordon L, Morrison E, Mcgrowder D, Young R, Fraser Y, Zamora E. Effect of exercise therapy on lipid profile and oxidative stress indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008;8. [Google Scholar] [Crossref]
- Singh S, Kyizom T, Singh K, Tandon O, Madhu S. Influence of pranayamas and yoga-asanas on serum insulin, blood glucose and lipid profile in type 2 diabetes. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2008;23(4):365-8. [Google Scholar]
- Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Yurtkuran M, Dilek K. A modified yoga-based exercise program in hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled study. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15(3):164-71. [Google Scholar]
- Huang F, Chien D, Chung U. Effects of Hatha yoga on stress in middle-aged women. J Nurs Res. 2013;21(1):59-66. [Google Scholar]
- Naveen GH, Thirthalli J, Rao M, Varambally S, Christopher R, Gangadhar B. Positive therapeutic and neurotropic effects of yoga in depression: A comparative study. Indian J Psychiatry. 2013;55(3):400-4. [Google Scholar]
- Smith C, Hancock H, Blake-Mortimer J, Eckert K. A randomised comparative trial of yoga and relaxation to reduce stress and anxiety. Complement Ther Me. 2007;15(2):77-83. [Google Scholar]
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Yoga may Aattenuate Hallmarks of Skin Aging
- Genomic instability
- Telomere attrition
- Epigenetic alterations
- Loss of proteostasis
- Deregulated nutrient-sensing
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Cellular agedness
- Stem cell exhaustion
- Altered intercellular communication
- Discussion
- Conclusion
- Source of Funding
- Conflict of Interest
- References